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Norway (Listeni/ˈnɔrw/NorwegianAbout this sound Norge (Bokmål) or About this sound Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Scandinavian unitaryconstitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian PeninsulaJan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago ofSvalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island.[note 1] Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million.[9] It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The country shares a long border with Sweden (1,619 km long) that it is the longest uninterrupted border within both Europe and Schengen Area; it is also bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. It shares maritime borders with Russia by the Barents sea, GreenlandFaroe Islands and Iceland by the Norwegian Sea, Sweden, Denmark and United Kingdom by the North Sea. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
Two centuries of Viking raids tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav Tryggvason in 994. A period of civil war ended in the 13th century when Norway expanded its control overseas to parts of BritainIrelandIceland, and Greenland. Norwegian territorial power peaked in 1265, but competition from the Hanseatic League and the spread of the Black Death weakened the country. In 1380, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adoptednew constitutionSweden went to war with Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under aSwedish kingRising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by the Third Reich. In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a founding member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the European Union. Key domestic issues include immigration and integration of ethnic minorities, maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness.[2][10]
King Harald V is Norway's head of state and Jens Stoltenberg is its prime minister. It has administrative subdivisions on two levels known as counties (fylke) and municipalities (kommuner). The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act. Although having rejected European Union membership in two referenda, Norwaymaintains close ties with the union and its member countries, as well as with the United States. Norway participates with United Nations forces in international missions, notably in AfghanistanKosovoSudan and Libya. Norway is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, theCouncil of Europe, and the Nordic Council; a member of the European Economic Area, the WTO, and the OECD; and is also a part of theSchengen Area.
Norway has extensive reserves of petroleumnatural gasmineralslumberseafoodfresh water, and hydropower. The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world. On a per-capita basis, it is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East,[11][12] and the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product.[13] The country maintains a welfare model with universal health care, subsidized higher education, and a comprehensive social security system. From 2001 to 2006,[14] and then again from 2009 through 2011, Norway has had the highest human development index ranking in the world.[15][16] In 2011, Norway also had the highest ranking on the Democracy Index[17] and the Legatum Prosperity Index. According to UNDP, Norway is the world's best country.[18]Forbes rank Norway #4 in their list The World's richest countries, which compare countries by GDP.[19]

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